中文版

History of Tibetan mastiff
（藏獒的历史）

As The Book puts: A dog that is four Chinese feet long is a mastiff ", according to records of natural science, A dog that is four Chinese feet long is a mastiff, historical records of noble family: First mastiff dogs were called mastiffs, translated as wave in Shuowenjiezi, which means that the dogs that are at large are mastiffs, all the above help arrive at the conclusion: the fierce and intelligent dogs in great height and bit size can be called mastiffs.

Tibetan mastiffs----in ancient times enjoyed reputation of roaring-to-sky dogs, are also called Tibetan mastiffs, Foreign mastiffs, it is called " DoKhyi" in Tibetan dialect, meaning " the dog that is to be tied". They belong to the dog section, ranked as the second-class animals under the protection of the law, the national treasure, and one of the rare dogs of world. 

Tibetan mastiffs grow in China's Qingzang plateau of 3000-5000 meters high in altitude, in high and cold districts, they are generally accepted as the oldest and the rarest dogs in the world, whose characteristic is" as big as donkey, when running they are as swift as the tiger, roaring as loud as the lion, with good looking". There is the ancient parlance of " nine dogs equal to one mastiff ". they are considered the person's escort dog and the protective deity. In the endless blood mixis of the dog they played great function as the ancestry of many dogs in large size in the world, and being the unique dog unafraid of wild beast as put in the parlance of" one mastiff equals to three wolves", so Tibetan mastiff also enjoys the reputation of " the world breeding dog" and " eastern deity dog". The earliest records concerning mastiffs is in about 1121 BC., when a race leader in  western region of China gave it to the emperor Wu, its name was NGAU. This dog is four Chinese feet high, and was trained to hunt colored-skin mankind. 

But the earliest records about Tibetan mastiff is in the tourist notes by the well-know Marco Polo. In 1257 AD., he arrived in China. In Szechwan he met for the first time Tibetan local people and "dog from Tibet". He described that local people there bred such huge dogs, so fierce and brave, with size as big as donkey, barks as loud as the lion roars loud enough to shake hills and mountains. This story about Tibetan dogs first got published in 1300 AD., and Marco Polo became the first Westener to own a big dog from Tibet", and the dog the first to enter Europe. 

In 1774 AD., the British envoy once came to Tibet. He recalled in his memory: Once at Bhutan and boundary of Tibet he had caught sight of the Tibetan dog," huge, fierce and strong dog". 

The British zoologist ＢＲＡＮＨＯＤＧＳＯＮ in 1842 AD. recorded in his book: Tibetan dogs are of various colors such as black, black brown, deep brown and more or less spots. 

 Genghis Khan once organized an army corps of 30,000 Tibetan mastiffs in his West marching, which army corps accomplished great success , and afterwards some mastiffs were discarded in the region, becoming the ancestor of various dogs. 

To investigate the origin of mastiffs, we have to take into consideration the ruthless survival environment of Tibetan mastiffs. In history, Tibet was a wide but sparsely populated area, isolated from the outside world for a long time; the local people believe in Tibetan Buddhist doctrine of being king to others and ahimsa, which is why the wildlife there can multiply greatly, wolf, fox, snow pig, snow leopard …… can be seen very easily. Tibetan mastiff that lives in this kind of environment is almost in half-wild state, giving them enough opportunities to prey for many wild animals, and to obtain the ample nourishment. Furthermore, frequent appearances of wild beast such as wolf and leopard also make it possible for them to have the important position in people's live because of their ability to fight against the attack from  wild beasts and their fierce temperament and strong physiques. Hence they get the reputation of "combining three beauties" and" having five virtues". 

" Three beauties" are: stern verve, the body mould of the stone carving, bold appearance as a head of all beasts. 

" Five virtues" refer to : abilities to herd horses, cows and sheep, to understand the host, to know good luck and disaster, to climb over ten thousand miles of snow mountain; they are seen by Living Buddha as his "personal mount" in reincarnation, by herd people as a faithful companion called " a dog from Heaven ". 

Along with change of time and the change of the history, Tibetan mastiffs distribute now mainly in the large nomad's areas, and foundamental number is decreasing year by year, in addition to the increase of both domestic and international demands, they are faced with a worsening survival crisis. It is estimated that now in the whole world there are about 300,000 mastiffs, but that of pure breed is very rare. It is incompletely estimated that in the United States the number is under 20, and Chinese Taiwanese fewer than 10, and the pure-bred mastiff nearly dies out. 

The existing problem of mastiff's survival has already caused extensive concern of the society. The condition that allowed mastiffs to grow and perish by itself has already got improved, and pure-bred mastiff breeding has also received much attention. Crying for the protecting mastiffs is getting increasingly louder, and there are more and more activities for protecting mastiffs. It is believable that by means of so many changes, there will be more and more people joining in the movement of caring for and protecting mastiffs.